This is an assessment for early grade Mathematics conducted by USAID in 2009, focusing on the early years of mathematics learning. The assessment provides a conceptual background derived from the literature on how children develop their earliest conceptual and operational skills related to numbers and provides some background on the universality that seems to exist with regard to the curricular knowledge that are expected in many countries around the world. Furthermore, the key tasks undertaken by the EGMA are described in detail with conceptual background on individual tasks.